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Johann Baptiste Horvath ((ハンガリー語:Keresztély János Horváth), 13 July 1732 in Kőszeg – 20 October 1799 in Buda) was a Hungarian-born Jesuit Professor of Physics and Philosophy at the University of Trnava (Nagyszombat) in modern-day Slovakia, which was then part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Also known as Keresztély János Horváth, he is most noted for his authorship of various textbooks. == Biography == Horvath entered the Jesuit order at 19 years of age (17 October 1751 in Trenčín), became a university professor, and subsequently authored the well-known Latin textbooks ''Physica Generalis'' (1767/1782, 496pp) and ''Physica Particularis'' (1770/1782, 472pp).〔O'Malley, J.W. (ed.) et al. "The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts (1540–1773)." University of Toronto Press, 2006 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=6OSux6Zfd74C&pg=PA420&lpg=PA420&dq=horvath+physica+generalis&source=web&ots=b8UR0KUMfv&sig=bEha7ZOlw08-t65LzCIQltXmZWI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA420,M1〕 Various other works are attributed to Horvath, including ''Elementa Physicae'' (1790/1807/1819, 656pp) which is a condensed revision of ''Physica Generalis'' and ''Physica Particularis'', ''Institutiones Logicae'' (1767/1813, 118pp), ''Elementa/Institutiones Matheseos'' (1772/1782, 456pp), ''Institutiones Metaphysicae'' (1767/1817, 362pp) and ''Declaratio Infirmitatis Fundamentorum'' (1797, 188pp) which is a philosophical text regarding speculations on the nature of God posited by Immanuel Kant.〔(Horváth, Joannis: Elementa physiciae | Sós Antikvárium ). Sosantikvarium.hu. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕〔http://csillagaszattortenet.csillagaszat.hu/magyar_kozepkor_csillagaszata/szekely_2006.02.23.html〕〔(C:\REGI2\FIZI ). Bibl.u-szeged.hu. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕〔http://www.omikk.bme.hu/tudtort/28/full/kepek_fejezet/80.539__k1.jpg〕〔Visnovsky, E. & R. Dupkala. "On the Development and Character of Slovak Philosophy." Human Affairs, 1998 @ http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/issuedetails.aspx?issueid=b3af381f-d717-4700-a04d-e970a9f540af&articleId=d883a642-a139-4b6a-824b-8a10cec25208〕 This collection of works, including metaphysics/logic and physics, was typical of Jesuit academics teaching under the Ratio Studiorum (1599).〔O'Malley, J.W. (ed.) et al. "The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts (1540–1773)." University of Toronto Press, 1999 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=Hzbsz3TOsZAC&pg=PA544&dq=physica+generalis〕 The books were published in Trnava (Slovakia), Augsburg (Germany), Eger and Buda (Hungary), Velencze (Romania), Madrid (Spain), Vienna (Austria) and Venice and Turin (Italy), including multiple editions and/or printings of each volume.〔Library of Congress Catalog, 1868 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=g-ituaX9VqIC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=horvath+%22physica+generalis%22+library+of+congress&source=bl&ots=M4OyCL5qhz&sig=c5Ay4parT6TC0s3hTqhmcWLAvXs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result〕〔Baldwin, J.M. "Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology." MacMillan, 1905 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=9BYuAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA302&lpg=PA302&dq=horvath+kant&source=web&ots=W2906ystpf&sig=Cgjx7sS_6geD-BnuNAGRZQ63Ty0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result〕〔de Backer, A. ''Bibliothèque des ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus ou Notices Bibliographiques.'' Liege, 1859, pp325 – 328.〕 ''Physica Generalis'' deals primarily with classical mechanics and celestial mechanics, for example including a Copernican (heliocentric) diagram of the solar system, missing Uranus and Neptune, and a diagram of a highly-elliptical comet. ''Physica Particularis'' includes treatments of fluid mechanics, heat transfer and optics, and several chapters deal scientifically with the nascent field of electricity, where Horvath is thought to be the first East European author to present electricity and magnetism in the same chapter. The coverage is eclectic, including topics like the aurora borealis, combustion, sound, rainbows, botany and lightning. The work is also notable for its reliance on experimental physics, since this branch of physics was still emerging as a reputable field, especially among Jesuit academics.〔(Radnai Gyula ). Jedliktarsasag.hu. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕 For example, Horvath cites experiments on electricity by Benjamin Franklin (1754). In addition to his physics textbooks, Horvath published the mathematics textbook ''Institutiones Matheseos'', including sections covering arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and conic sections. He was among the most important Eastern European physics textbook authors in the 18th century (see also Andreas Jaszlinszky as well as Leopold Biwald and Joseph Redlhamer), and an innovative proponent of Newtonian mechanics, which in hindsight was the correct theory rather than the Cartesian mechanics popular among some Continental philosophers.〔Kires, Marian. "Some Historical Points of View on Electricity in the Slovak Region." @ http://ppp.unipv.it/Collana/Pages/Libri/Saggi/Volta%20and%20the%20History%20of%20Electricity/V&H%20Sect2/V&H%20199-204.pdf〕〔Morovics, M.T. & A. Sperka. "The Beginnings of Scientific Interests in Electrical Phenomena in Hungarian Kingdom." Proc of 2nd ICESHS (ed. M. Kokowski), 2006 @ http://www.2iceshs.cyfronet.pl/2ICESHS_Proceedings/Chapter_29/R-Varia_II_Morovics_Sperka.pdf〕〔History of Physics〕〔O'Neill, C.E. & J.M. Dominguez. ''Diccionario historico de la compania de Jesus.'' p1955, 2001.〕 By promoting the methods of Copernicus and Newton, influenced by the approach of Borgondio and Boscovich, Horvath represents a (correct) departure from "accepted" thinking in that region of Europe, and his works were widely distributed.〔Dobrzycki, J. "The Reception of Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory." Springer (Poland), 1973 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=tAWp34_GYLAC&pg=PA353&lpg=PA353&dq=horvath+institutiones&source=web&ots=R3N4-F2ajz&sig=Z3JBlNsQLwvF5BCHHQDxdNTjARI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA353,M1〕 He continued to publish and instruct students from a secular professorship after the Jesuit order was suppressed in 1773, and during his tenure the university faculty moved to modern-day Hungary (1777) to become the renowned University of Budapest.〔Proc of the American Catholic Philosophical Assoc. Vol 30, p174, 1956 @ http://books.google.com/books?id=RRQTAAAAIAAJ&q=horvath+physica+generalis&dq=horvath+physica+generalis&lr=&pgis=1〕〔Suppression of the Society of Jesus〕〔de Ridder-Symoens, H. & W. Ruegg. ''A History of the University in Europe: Volume 2, Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800).'' Cambridge, 2003.〕 Full-text scanned versions of ''Physica Particularis'' (1782/1775/1770/1817), missing some pages and illustrated plates, are available online.〔(Physica particularis: auditorum ... – Keresztelö János Horváth ). Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕〔(Physica Particularis – Johann Baptist Horváth ). Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕〔(Physica Particularis – Johann Baptist Horv℗ath ). Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕〔(Physica particularis, auditorum ... – Johann Baptist Horvath ). Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕〔(Physica: generalis auditorum usibus ... – Joann Bagt Horvath ). Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕 Similarly, scanned copies of ''Physica Generalis'' (1780/1775/1772) are available online.〔(Institutiones physicae generalis ... – Johann Baptist Horv℗ath ). Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕〔(Physica Generalis – Johann Baptist Horv℗ath ). Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕〔(Physica Generalis – Johann Baptist Horv℗ath ). Google Books. Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕 Images of the textbook title pages are also available.〔(műkereskedem az interneten ). axioart (28 May 2005). Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕〔(műkereskedem az interneten ). axioart (28 May 2005). Retrieved on 20 October 2011.〕〔http://www.omikk.bme.hu/tudtort/28/full/kepek_fejezet/80.022__k1.jpg〕〔http://www.omikk.bme.hu/tudtort/28/full/kepek_fejezet/80.024.jpg〕 Each of these textbooks is worth approximately $150 depending on condition.〔International League of Antiquarian Booksellers @ http://www.ilab.org/services/searchform.php〕〔http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchEntry〕〔Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America @ http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/searchform.php〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Johann Baptiste Horvath」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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